Jacob Schiff - Kuhn, Loeb (http://www.nndb.com/people/214/000134809/JacobSchiff.jpg)

1869 - Marcus Goldman started Marcus Goldman & Co., on Pine Street in lower Manhattan, as broker of IOUs; Goldman's youngest daughter, Louisa, married Samuel Sachs, son of close friends; 1882 - Sachs joined business; changed name to M. Goldman and Sachs; 1885 - Henry Goldman (son), Ludwig Dreyfuss (son-in-law) joined firm as junior partners; name changed to Goldman Sachs & Co.; 1887 - began relationship with British merchant bank Kleinwort Sons (entry into international commercial finance, foreign-exchange services, currency arbitrage); 1894 - Henry Sachs joined; 1896 - joined New York Stock Exchange; 1904 - Arthur and Paul Sachs (Sam's sons) joined firm; 1906 - managed first IPO, for United Cigar Manufacturers; co-managed Sears Roebuck's initial public offering; 1956 - co-managed IPO of Ford Motor Company; 1981 - acquired commodities-trading firm of J. Aron & Company; 1999 - went public, name changed to The Goldman Sachs Group Inc. (Henry Paulson, Jr. as sole chairman, CEO).

1963 - Chuck Schwab, two partners launched Investment Indicator, investment advisory newsletter (3,000 subscribers paid $84 a year at its height); 1971 - incorporated First Commander Corp.; 1973 - name changed to Charles Schwab & Co., Inc.; May 1, 1975 - launched discount brokerage business; 1977 - opened office in Seattle, first branch outside of California; began offering seminars for customers; 1979 - invested in BETA mainframe system, automated transaction and record keeping system; 1983 - acquired by Bank of America for $57 million; 1985 - one millionth customer account opened; July 1987 - reacquired in $280 million management-led buyout; September 1987 -went public.

December 18, 2007 - Morgan Stanley posted fourth-quarter loss of $3.6 billion, or $3.61 a share (far surpassed analysts' expectations of $0.39 per share), first-ever quarterly loss in its 72-year history, after taking additional $5.7 billion write-down related to subprime mortgages (value reduced by $9.4 billion, one of largest devaluations on Wall Street); said would sell a $5 billion stake to China Investment Corporation (China's sovereign wealth fund), to shore up its capital = 9.9% stake; chief executive, John J. Mack, took full responsibility, said would forego bonus for 2007.

December 19, 2007 - Bear Stearns reported a steep fourth-quarter loss, the first ever in its 84-year history; lost about $854 million ($6.90 a share) for fourth quarter, compared to profit of $563 million ($4 a share) for same time last year (analysts had expected loss of $1.82 a share); wrote down $1.9 billion related to holdings in mortgages, mortgage-based securities, up from $1.2 billion anticipated last month; October 22, 2007 - Citic Securities, China’s largest investment bank (founded in 1995), invested $1 billion in Bear Stearns (6% stake), Bear took similar position in Citic; March 16, 2008 - agreed to be acquired by JPMorgan Chase for $236.2 million ($2/share) to avert a Bear Stearns bankruptcy filing, spread of crisis of confidence in global financial system; March 28, 2008 - bid raised to $10/share (JPM to bear first $1 billion of losses associated with Bear Stearns's assets, Federal Reserve to fund other $29 billion); May 30, 2008 - JP Morgan completed acquisition of Bear Stearns.

(http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2008/01/09/business/09bear_graphic.jpg)

Some Wall Street executives question whether short sellers caused collapse of Bear Stearns; others complain that shorts told lies about other major firms in attempt to sink stock prices (accused of spreading rumors, persecuting companies, unsettling entire economies); short sellers dismiss idea they killed Bear Stearns, say they often get blame when things go wrong in markets; "Show me the evidence," said James S. Chanos, one of Wall Street's most prominent short sellers. "It's always easier to blame someone else, some unnamed market force than the people responsible." (source: New York Times, April 30, 2008 - http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/30/business/30shorts.html?scp=35&sq=April%2030,%202008&st=cse)

January 8, 2008 - James E. Cayne, CEO and 6% shareholder of Bear Stearns, retired as an employee of the firm.

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January 15, 2008 - Subprime Cash Infusions from Foreign Investors (2007-2008)

(http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2008/01/16/business/16capital_graph.jpg)

July 26, 2008 - Compensation costs for six of seven largest brokerage firms in first half of 2008 declined by total of $9.5 billion (vs. 2007); implies aggregate decline in pay,  benefits (including bonuses - usually at least 75% of annual income for investment bankers, traders), of more than $18 billion for full year (state comptroller estimated  $33 billion paid in Wall Street bonuses in 2006 and 2007); could be biggest single-year decline in pay on Wall Street in history; bonuses for employees based in New York (about 178,000 people) could shrink by $10 billion or more (total bonuses declined by $6.5 billion in 2001); equals about $10 billion less in taxable income, several billion dollars less to be spent on apartments, furniture, cars, clothing, services; financial-services industry provides almost 25% of all income earned in New York City (= about 10%  of city’s tax revenue, about 20% of state’s tax revenue, estimated to drop by about $700 million in 2008 fiscal year).

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September 15, 2008 - Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy protection; Merrill Lynch agreed to be acquired by Bank of America for $44 billion.

(http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2008/09/15/business/15lehman-graf.jpg)

September 23, 2008 - Warren Buffett invested $5 billion in Goldman Sachs; received perpetual preferred shares which will pay 10% annual dividend ($500 million/year) which take precedence over other payments to common shareholders; Goldman has right to buy back shares at any time for 10% premium; received warrants to buy $5 billion in common stock at strike price of $115/share (can be used at any time in five-year period); Goldman's stock has fallen from Oct. 31, 2007 high of $247.92 to $12505.

September 28, 2008 -  Goldman Sachs (and Morgan Stanley) converted to deposit-taking bank holding company; ; GS became fourth-largest in United States ($20 billion in customer deposits, soon to increase to  with $150 billion); primary regulators became Federal Reserve, Office of Comptroller of the Currency (not SEC).

(Bear Stearns), Bill Bamber (2008). Bear-Trap: The Fall of Bear Stearns and the Panic of 2008. (New York, NY: Brick Tower Press,, 350 p.). Former Senior Managing Director at Bear Stearns. Bear Stearns; Wall Street (New York, N.Y.)--history; Brokers -- United States. Tragic story of fortunes made, lost; what happened inside Bear's offices, on trading floor that led to most sensational financial crisis of our times.

(Bear Stearns), William D. Cohan (2009). House of Cards: A Tale of Hubris and Wretched Excess on Wall Street. (New York, NY: Doubleday, 480 p.). Former Senior Wall Street Investment Banker. Bear, Stearns & Co.; Investment banking --United States; Bank failures --United States; Financial crises --United States. March 2008 - fall of Bear Stearns, end of Second Gilded Age on Wall Street, period of greed, arrogance, stupidity in financial world; how combination of risky bets, corporate political infighting, lax government regulations, bad decision-making wrought havoc on world financial system; deadly combination of greed, inattention - why company’s leaders ignored danger in huge positions in mortgage-backed securities.

(Bear Stearns), Kate Kelly (2009). Street Fighters: The Last 72 Hours of Bear Stearns, the Toughest Firm on Wall Street. (New York, NY: Portfolio, 256 p.). Staff Reporter (The Wall Street Journal). Bear, Stearns & Co.; Investment banking --United States.; Bank failures --United States; Financial crises --United States. Final, frenzied 72 hours, in March 2008, as independent firm; as subprime mortgage crisis grew, firm’s key executives descended into civil war.

(Bear Stearns), Alan C. Greenberg with Mark Singer (2010). The Rise and Fall of Bear Stearns. (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 213 p.). Former CEO and Chairman of the Board of Bear Stearns. Bear, Stearns & Co. --History --21st century; Investment banking --United States --21st century; Subprime mortgage loans --United States --21st century; Financial crises --United States --21st century. Joined Bear Stearns in 1949, became head of firm in 1978; how collapse of company surprised him and other top executives; whom he thinks was responsible; storied career and its stunning conclusion.

Alan C. ("Ace") Greenberg - Bear Stearns (http://atmizzou.missouri.edu/jan05/images/greenberg.jpg)

(Coutts & Co.), Ernest Hartley Coleridge (1920). The Life of Thomas Coutts, Banker. (New York, NY: John Lane Company, 2 vols.). Coutts, Thomas, 1735-1822; Coutts family.

(Coutts & Co.), Ralph M. Robinson (1929). Coutts, The History of a Banking House. (London, UK: J. Murray, 180 p.). Coutts, Thomas, 1735-1822; Coutts & co., bankers.

(Coutts & Co.), Edna Healey (1992). Coutts & Co. 1692-1992: The Portrait of a Private Bank. (London, UK: Hodder & Stoughton, 488 p.). Coutts & co.; Banking -- private -- Great Britain. Tercentenary history of Coutts & Co.

(Credit Suisse First Boston), Randall Smith (2010). The Prince of Silicon Valley: Frank Quattrone and the Dot-Com Bubble  (New York, NY, St. Martin’s Press, 384 p.). Reporter (Wall Street Journal). Quattrone, Frank Peter, 1955- --United States --Biography; Investment bankers --United States; Investment banking --Corrupt practices --United States. Cautionary tale of ambition gone wrong; rise of foremost investment banker of Internet stock-market bubble, from back streets of South Philadelphia to peak of finance as highest paid banker on Wall Street; took some of biggest names in technology public; California-based technology banking group led most hot initial public offerings in 1999-2000); four different investigations of bubble-related misconduct, two criminal trials for obstruction of justice (mistrial, conviction in 2004); 2006 - conviction overturned by appeals court; returned to banking business.

(Robert Garrett & Sons), Harold A. Williams (1965). Robert Garrett & Sons Incorporated: Origin and Development - 1840-1965. (Baltimore, MD: Press of Schneidereith & Sons, 102 p.). Garrett, Robert & Sons. (firm); Investment banking.

(Gillett Brothers Discount Company Ltd.), R. S. Sayers (1968). Gilletts in the London Money Market 1867-1967. (Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 204 p.). Gillett Brothers Discount Company, ltd., London--History; Bills of exchange--England--London--History; Finance--England--London--History.

(Goldman, Sachs - origins to 1869 when Marcus Goldman opened an office), LIsa Endlich (1999). Goldman Sachs: The Culture of Success. (New York, NY: Knopf, 319 p.). Former Goldman, Sachs Foreign Exchange Trader. Goldman, Sachs & Co.; Investment banking--United States; Going public (Securities).

Marcus Goldman - Goldman Sachs (http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Marcus_Goldman.jpg/225px-Marcus_Goldman.jpg)

(Goldman Sachs), Nils Lindskoog (1999). Long-Term Greedy: The Triumph of Goldman Sachs. (Appleton, WI: McCrossen Pub., 192 p. [2nd ed.]). Goldman, Sachs & Co.; Investment banking--New York (State)--New York; Financial leverage--New York (State)--New York.

(Goldman Sachs), Willaim D. Cohan (2011). Money and Power: How Goldman Sachs Came to Rule the World. (New York, NY: Doubleday, 672 p.). Contributing Editor (Vanity Fair), Bi-weekly opinion column (The New York Times). Goldman Sachs; investment bankers --United States --history. Goldman's rise to summit of world capitalism; weathered financial crises, congressional, federal and SEC investigations, numerous lawsuits, with reputation and profits intact; how Goldman became so profitable, powerful: cultivation of people in power (since 1913), eagerness to deal on both sides of transaction; 2 images: 1) "The Goldman Way" - model predicated on hiring most talented people, indoctrinating them in corporate culture where partners stifle their egos for greater good, honoring "14 Principles," first of which is "Our clients' interests always come first"; 2) secretive money-making machine that has straddled the line between conflict-of-interest and legitimate deal-making; has exerted undue influence over government; composed of "cyborgs" kept in line by internal "reputational risk department" staffed by former CIA operatives, private investigators; workplace rife with brutal power struggles; Wall Street titan whose clever bet against mortgage market in 2007 (not revealed to its clients) may have made financial ruin of Great Recession worse.

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Gerald Loeb - co-founding partner, E. F. Hutton (http://www.anderson.ucla.edu/Images/areas/adm/media/loeb_gloeb.jpg)

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Albert H. Gordon - rescued Kidder, Peabody  (http://www.alumni.hbs.edu/bulletin/2001/october/img/gordon.jpg)

(Kidder Peabody), S. Melvin Rines (1999). Al Gordon of Kidder, Peabody. (Weston, MA: Southport Press, 145 p.). Gordon, Al (Albert Hamilton), 1901- ; Kidder, Peabody & Co.; Investment bankers--United States--Biography.

(Kidder Peabody), Joseph Jett with Sabra Chartrand (1999). Black and White on Wall Street: The Untold Story of the Man Wrongly Accused of Bringing Down Kidder Peabody. (New York, NY: Morrow, 387 p.). Jett, Joseph; Kidder, Peabody & Co.--Employees--Biography; Insider trading in securities--United States; Securities industry--Corrupt practices--United States.

(Lazard Freres), Anne Sabouret (1987). MM Lazard Frères et Cie: Une Saga de la Fortune. (Paris, FR: O. Orban, 285 p.). Lazard Frères & Co.--History; Banks and banking--France--History; Bankers--France--Biography.

Michel David-Weill - Lazard Freres  (http://referentiel.nouvelobs.com/file/293428.jpg)

Andre Mayer - Lazard Freres (http://www.fao.org/UNFAO/govbodies/img/Andre_mayer.jpg)

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(Lazard Freres), Cary Reich (1997). Financier, The Biography of André Meyer: A Story of Money, Power, and the Reshaping of American Business. (New York, City: Wiley, 392 p.). Meyer, André, 1898-1979; Capitalists and financiers--United States--Biography; Investment banking--United States--History.

(Lazard Freres), enquête de Laurent Chemineau (1998). L'Incroyable Histoire de Lazard Frères, La Banque Qui Règne sur le Monde des Affaires. (Paris, FR: Editions Assouline, 141 p.). Lazard Frères & Co.--History; Banks and banking--France--History.

(Lazard LLC), Martine Orange (2006). Ces Messieurs de Lazard. (Paris, FR: Albin Michel, 345 p.). Lazard Freres & Co.--History; Banks and banking--France--History; Bankers--France--Biography; Banks and banking--New York (State)--New York--History; Bankers--New York (State)--New York--Biography. 1980s - arranged more than 70% of all the corporate mergers, acquisitions in France; 1998 - arranged less than one-third; 2002 - recruited Bruce Wasserstein; killed 'old firm', created new investment bank.

(Lazard LLC), William D. Cohan (2007). The Last Tycoons: The Secret History of Lazard Freres & Co. (New York, NY: Doubleday, 752 p.). Six Years at Lazard Frères, Later Managing Director at JP Morgan Chase. Lazard Freres & Co.--History; Banks and banking--New York (State)--New York--History; Bankers--New York (State)--New York--Biography; Banks and banking--France--History; Bankers--France--Biography. Portrait of Wall Street through tumultuous history of this company - Michel David-Weill, Felix Rohatyn, Steve Rattner, Bruce Wasserstein.

(Lazard Freres & Co.), Felix Rohatyn (2010). Dealings: A Political and Financial Life. (New York,. NY: Simon & Schuster, 352 p.). Former Managing Director at Lazard Freres & Co. LLC, Former U.S. ambassador to France (1975 to 1993). Rohatyn, Felix G., 1928-; Investment bankers --United States --Biography; Capitalists and financiers --United States --Biography; Ambassadors --United States --Biography. Created merger-and-acquisition business that revolutionized investment banking, transformed worlds of finance, entertainment; some of era’s most renowned figures in worlds of finance, entertainment, politics.

(Lehman Brothers), Ken Auletta (1986). Greed and Glory on Wall Street: The Fall of the House of Lehman. (New York, NY: Random House, 253 p.). Lehman Brothers; Wall Street; Stockbrokers--United States.

  Emanuel Lehman  (http://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/lehman/images/history/emmanual-lehman.jpg)

Mayer Lehman (http://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/lehman/images/history/mayor-lehman-small.jpg)

(Lehman Brothers), David Neal Keller (1993). Edwin L. Kennedy: Reinvesting in Education. (Athens: OH: Ohio University Press,, 236 p.). Kennedy, Edwin Lust, 1904- ; Businesspeople--United States--Biography; Benefactors--United States--Biography; Philanthropists--United States--Biography; Universities and colleges--United States--Finance. Kennedy - Senior Partner, Lehman Brothers.

(Lehman Brothers), Michael P. Malloy (2010). Anatomy Meltdown: Financial Biography Subprime Mortgage Meltdown. (New York, NY: Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, 281 p.). Professor of Law, McGeorge School of Law (University of the Pacific). Lehman Brothers (1993-2008) --Trials, litigation, etc.; Washington Mutual, Inc. --Trials, litigation, etc.; Banking law --United States; Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009. Course of two financial icons, Lehman Brothers (investment banking), WaMu (consumer financial services sector) on path to financial ruin; global economic meltdown, steps necessary to restore financial markets, measures that must be taken to avoid similar crises in future; fundamental law, policy, practical issues raised by crisis, government's response to it.

(Lehman Brothers), Vicky Ward (2010). The Devil's Casino: Friendship, Betrayal, and the High Stakes Games Played Inside Lehman Brothers. (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 296 p.). Contributing Editor (Vanity Fair). Lehman Brothers; Investment banking --New York (State) --New York --History; Investment advisors --New York (State) --New York --History; Finance --New York (State) --New York --History. 1984 - Lehman acquired by by American Express, renamed Shearson/Lehman American Express; 1990 - Lehman Commercial Paper Inc. renamed Lehman; 1994 - became independent; September 15, 2008 - bankrupt; four best friends who rebuilt Lehman Brothers - Steve Lessing, Tom Tucker, Chris Pettit, Joe Gregory (all from Huntington, Long Island); poisonous culture - illicit affairs, treachery, séances, boardroom backstabbing, friendships and families torn apart; "Little Lehman" - known to be forever fighting for its life, somehow succeeding; victim of men, women blinded by arrogance, money, power.

(Lehman Brothers), Mark T. Williams (2010). Uncontrolled Risk: Lessons of Lehman Brothers and How Systemic Risk Can Still Bring Down the World Financial System. (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 256 p.). Finance and Economics Faculty (Boston University). Lehman Brothers -- bankruptcy; economic conditions - 2000-2008. How uncontrolled risk toppled 158-year-old institution; what it says about Wall Street, Washington, world financial system; microcosm of industry—worst-case scenario of smart decisions, stupid mistakes, ignored warnings, important lessons in money, power, policy: did CEO Dick Fuld deserve Congressional inquisition? how investment banking money machine broke down: can it be fixed?; can lessons be learned from key drivers that caused financial meltdown? is Washington to blame for wild risk taking? ongoing debate on reform and regulation: can meaningful reform avert another financial catastrophe?

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(Mediobanca S.p.A), Giandomenico Piluso, (2005). Mediobanca: Tra Regole e Mercato. (Milano, IT: Egea, 229 p.). Mediobanca--History; Investment banking--Italy--History--20th century.

(Merrill Lynch), Donald T. Regan (1972). A View from the Street. (New York, NY: New American Library, 220 p.). Wall Street.

 Charles E. Merrill (http://www.nndb.com/people/383/000094101/charlesemerrill01.jpg) October 7, 1956 Obituary - http://www.nytimes. com/ learning/general/onthisday/bday/1019.html

(Merrill Lynch), edited by Henry R. Hecht (1985). u>A Legacy of Leadership: Merrill Lynch, 1885-1985. (New York, NY: Merrill Lynch, 151 p.). Merrill Lynch & Co. (1973- )--History; Stockbrokers--United States--History.

(Merrill Lynch), Edward J. Perkins (1999). Wall Street to Main Street: Charles Merrill and Middle-Class Investors. (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 283 p.). Merrill, Charles, 1885-1956; Merrill Lynch & Co. (1973- )--History; Capitalists and financiers--United States--Biography. History of Merrill Lynch, founder Charles Merrill.

(Montgomery Securities), Richard Brandt with contributions by Thomas Weisel (2002). Capital Instincts: Life as an Entrepreneur, Financier, and Athlete. (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 336 p.). Weisel, Thomas; Capitalists and financiers--United States--Biography; Businesspeople--United States--Biography. 

(Moody's), John Moody (1975). The Long Road Home: An Autobiography. (New York, NY: Arno Press, 263 p. [orig. pub. 1933]). Moody, John, 1868-1958; Capitalists and financiers--United States--Biography.

(Morgan Stanley), Patricia Beard (2007). Blue Blood & Mutiny: The Fight for the Soul of Morgan Stanley. (New York, NY: Morrow, 352 p.). Morgan Stanley. Leadership battle at Morgan Stanley - fight for dominance between two competing business cultures: 1) collegial meritocracy from days of J. P. Morgan, 2) cold, contemporary corporate model.

  Henry S. Morgan - Morgan Stanley (http://cache2.asset-cache.net/xc/56578535.jpg?v=1&c=IWSAsset&k=2&d= 77BFBA49EF878921F7C3FC3F69D929FDEEF720DF3CAD22EB0A5F17A84AB5D7EDF70B8D70A85616E739F71A9C9BC19C35)

(Mullens & Co.), David Wainwright (1990). Government Broker: The Story of an Office and of Mullens & Co. (East Molesey, UK: Matham, 160 p.). Mullens & Co.; Securities markets Business History Great Britain.

(Nesbitt Thomson Inc.), A.R.Deane Nesbitt (1989). Dry Goods & Pickles: The Story of Nesbitt, Thomson. (Toronto, Canada: The Author, 144 p.). Grandson of Founder. Nesbitt, Thomson Inc.--History; Nesbitt, Arthur James.

(Nomura), Albert J. Alletzhauser (1990). The House of Nomura: The Inside Story of the Legendary Japanese Financial Dynasty. (New York, NY: Arcade Pub. Co., 343 p.). Nomura Sh¯oken Kabushiki Kaisha--History; Stockbrokers--Japan; Securities industry--Japan.

(Paine Webber), Paine Webber Inc. (1930). Paine, Webber & Company, 1880-1930. A National Institution. (Boston, MA: Oxford-Print, 75 p.). Brokers -- United States.

William A. Paine - Paine Webber (http://www.scripophily.com/webcart/vigs/willpaine.gif)

(Prudential-Bache), Jeffrey Taylor (1994). The Pru-Bache Murder: The Fast Life and Grisly Death of a Millionaire Stockbroker. (New York, NY: HarperCollins, 293 p.). Prozumenshikov, Michael, 1953-1991; Prudential-Bache Securities, Inc.--Case studies; Murder--Minnesota--Minneapolis--Case studies; Stockbrokers--Malpractice--Minnesota--Minneapolis--Case studies.

(Prudential-Bache), Kurt Eichenwald (1995). Serpent on the Rock. (New York, NY: HarperBusiness, 480 p.). Prudential-Bache Securities, Inc., Securities Fraud.

(Prudential-Bache), Kathleen Sharp (1995). In Good Faith. (New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, 256 p.). Prudential-Bache Securities, Inc.--Corrupt practices; Securities fraud--United States--Case studies.

(Royal Securities Corporation), Douglas How (1986). Canada's Mystery Man of High Finance: The Story of Izaak Walton Killam and His Glittering Wife Dorothy. (Hantsport, NS: Lancelot Press, 173 p.). Killam, Izaak Walton, 1885-1955; Killam, Dorothy Johnston, 1899-1965; Capitalists and financiers -- Canada -- Biography.

John F. Stairs - founder, Royal Securities  (http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/41/JohnFStairs.jpg)

Izaak Walton Killam - Royal Securities  (http://www.killamtrusts.ca/pictures/01izaak%20-%20Copy.jpg)

(Royal Securities Corporation), Gregory P. Marchildon (1996). Profits and Politics: Beaverbrook and the Gilded Age of Canadian Finance. (Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press, 348 p.). Beaverbrook, Max Aitken, Baron, 1879-1964; Royal Securities Corporation--History; Consolidation and merger of corporations--Canada--History; Business and politics--Canada--History; =Canada--Economic conditions--1867-1918.

(Salomon Brothers), Robert Sobel (1986). Salomon Brothers, 1910-1985: Advancing to Leadership. (New York, NY: Salomon Brothers, 240 p.). Salomon Brothers--History; Investment banking--New York (State)--New York--History.

(Salomon Brothers), Martin Mayer (1993). Nightmare on Wall Street: Salomon Brothers and the Corruption of the Marketplace. (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 272 p.). Salomon Brothers; Government securities--Marketing--Corrupt practices--United States.

(Schwab), John Kador (2002). Charles Schwab: How One Company Beat Wall Street and Reinvented the Brokerage Industry. (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 324 p.). Schwab, Charles; Charles Schwab Corporation--History; Stockbrokers--New York (State)--New York--History.

(Seligman - founded 1864), Ross L. Muir and Carl J. White (1964). Over the Long Term; The Story of J. & W. Seligman & Co. (New York, NY: J. & W. Seligman, 172 p.). Seligman, J. & W., & Co., New York.

(Muriel Siebert & Co.), Muriel Siebert, with Aimee Lee Ball (2002). Changing the Rules: Adventures of a Wall Street Maverick. (New York, NY: Free Press,     p.). Founder (Muriel Siebert & Co., Inc.). Siebert, Muriel; New York Stock Exchange--History--20th century; Stockbrokers--New York (State)--New York--Biography; Businesswomen--New York (State)--New York--Biography. 

(Slater Walker Securities), Charles Raw (1977). A Financial Phenomenon: An Investigation of the Rise and Fall of the Slater Walker Empire. (New York. NY: Harper & Row, 368 p.). Slater, Jim, 1929-; Walker, Peter Edward, 1932-; Slater, Walker Securities, Ltd.; Capitalists and financiers--Great Britain--Biography.

(Standard & Poor's), Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. (1956). Henry Varnum Poor, Business Editor, Analyst, and Reformer. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 362 p.). Poor, Henry Varnum, 1812-1905; Railroads--United States--History.

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(Julia Walsh & Sons), Julia Montgomery Walsh in collaboration with Anne Conover Carson (1996). Risks and Rewards: A Memoir. (McLean, VA: EPM Publications, 216 p.). Walsh, Julia Montgomery; Stockbrokers--United States--Biography; Women in finance--New York (State)--New York--Biography.  

(Weeden & Co.), Donald E. Weeden (2002). Weeden & Co.: The New York Stock Exchange and the Struggle Over a National Securities Market. (New York, NY: Donald E. Weeden, 224 p.). Weeden, Donald E.; Weeden & Co.; United States. Securities and Exchange Commission; Securities --United States; Securities industry --United States. Whether stock exchange is place or concept.

Charles R. Geisst (2001). The Last Partnerships: Inside the Great Wall Street Dynasties. (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 338 p.). Wall Street--History; Securities industry--Mergers--New York (State)--New York--Case studies; Stockbrokers--Mergers--New York (State)--New York--Case studies; Partnership--New York (State)--New York--Case studies; Business failures--New York (State)--New York--Case studies; Securities industry--United States--History; Stockbrokers--United States--History.

Alexandra Michel and Stanton Wortham (2008). Bullish on Uncertainty: How Organizational Cultures Transform Participants. (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 264 p.). Assistant Professor in the Department of Management and Organization at the Marshall School of Business (University of Southern California); Judy and Howard Berkowitz Professor of Education at the Graduate School of Education (University of Pennsylvania). Corporate culture; Bank management; Investment banking. How two highly successful Wall Street investment banks managed uncertainty of their high-velocity environment through different work practices; 1) familiar route of decreasing bankers' uncertainty; 2) novel, effective practice of increasing bankers' uncertainty to make them more alert to new situations, more likely to draw on bank's entire range of resources; why banks differed in ability to notice market changes, adapt to them; how similar participants were transformed into different kinds of persons by different kinds of work practices.

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