July 13, 1709 - Giovanni Battista Farina opened G. B. Farina, luxury goods shop, in Cologne, Germany; 1714 - Giovanni Maria Farina (brother) joined company (had created eau de Cologne fragrance in 1703, combination of oils of bergamot, neroli, lemon, rosemary with pure alcohol); renamed Farina & Compagnie; 1716 - Carl Hieronymus Farina (brother) joined; formed Gebrüder Farina & Comp. (Farina Brothers and Co.); after 1716 - renamed Fratelli Farina (Farina Brothers); 1732 - renamed Johann Maria Farina (Giovanni Maria Farina); oldest fragrance factory still standing.

1743 - Claude Moet shipped Champagne to Paris from Epernay for first time; Jean-Rémy Moët (grandson) expanded business; 1832 - handed business to Victor Moët (son), Pierre-Gabriel Chandon de Briailles (son-in-law); name changed to Moët & Chandon; 1971 - merged with Hennessy Cognac; 1987 - merged with Louis Vuitton; renamed LVMH-Moët Hennessy.

April 12, 1799 - Phineas Pratt of Connecticut received first US patent for a comb-cutting machine; 1759 - first commercial scale comb factory by Enoch Noyes of West Newbury, MA made combs from flattened animal horns; 1789 - Andrew Lord made first U.S. made ivory comb at Centerbrook, CT, cut the plate and teeth with a handsaw.

1828 - Pierre François Pascal Guerlain opened perfume store on 42, Rue de Rivoli in Paris; 1853 - introduced Eau de Cologne Impérial; named His Majesty's Official Perfumer (France); 1925 - introduced Shalimar (named after garden in Srinagar, built by Shah Jahan in memory of his wife); one of first perfumes to successfully incorporate large amounts of vanillin in its composition; August 24, 1926 - Guerlain Perfumery Corporation registered "Shalimar" trademark first used April 3, 1926 (perfumes); 1994 - acquired by LVMH (world's largest luxury goods  conglomerate).

1837 - Thierry Hermes founded saddlery company in Madeleine quarter of Paris; made harnesses, bridles, riding boots for carriage trade; over time added boots, jewelry, home decor items, and silk scarves; 1920 -grandson, Emile, added luggage; 1922 - Emile-Charles Hermes sold his interest in company to Emile-Maurice Hermes (brother); 1923 - created Hermès handbag, Bolide ('racing car'), sleek, modernist design incorporating new zip fastener (Emile-Maurice had bought 2-year zipper patent rights); 1930s - first Hermes store opened in its current Paris location; 1937 - started making silk headscarves scarf; all Hermes products inspired by horses, horse motifs; July 18, 1939 - Hermes Corporation registered "Hermes" trademark first used December 1936 (closcks and watches); 1951 - Robert Dumas (1905-1978) and Jean-Rene Guerrand (1901-1993), sons-in-law, took over; added Hermes to their own surname; 1978 - Dumas's son took over (5th generation Chairman); 1984 - Birkin bag created (for actress Jane Birkin); 1999 - acquired 35-percent stake in Gaultier Couture (Jean-Paul Gaultier). majority of Hermes Group stock is in hands of Dumas, Guerrand, Puech families; 2007 - sales of €1,514.9m.

Thierry Hermes - founded Hermes (http://www.faubourgsainthonoreguide.com/images/articles/sagas/ hermes/thierry_hermes.jpg)

1853 - François Goyard became director of Morel (had apprenticed in workshop of Henri Morel, since 1845 [age 17] who had acquired Maison Martin, packing-case and trunkmaker to Duchesse of Berry in 1836); start of La Maison Goyard; 1885 - Edmond (son) took over; renamed E. Goyard Aine; December 3, 1931 - received patent for 'Malle Bureau' (office suitcase - portable box transforms into writing tablet with drawers, when opened); 1937 - Robert Goyard (grandson) took control; 1979 - Francois Edmond Goyard (great grandson) assumed control; August 25, 1992 - Goyard A.A.R.L. Corporation registered "Goyard" trademark first used in U.S. on January 1, 1984 (articles of fancy leather, leather, cloth and skin articles, etc.).

François Goyard - Maison Goyard (http://www.ljplus.ru/img4/m/y/mybagsru/francois-goyard.jpg)

1854 - Louis Vuitton founded Louis Vuitton Malletier ("Louis Vuitton Trunk-Maker"), opened store in Paris on Rue Nueve des Capucines; created luggage, bags and accessories; sold flat-topped trunks that were lightweight and airtight, (bought by France's Empress Eugénie in its first year of sale); 1896 - introduced Monogram canvas (considered the first "designer logo); 1987 - merged with Moët et Chandon and Hennessy, leading manufacturers of champagne and of brandy, to form the world's largest luxury goods conglomerate.

1856 - Thomas Burberry (21), former apprentice to country draper, opened outfitters shop in Basingstoke, Hampshire, England; 1870 - became known  emporium, increased development of outdoor wear for local residents, visiting sportsmen; 1880 - invented gabardine, breathable fabric, yarn waterproofed before weaving; 1888 - received patent on fabric; 1901 - registered equestrian knight device logo as trademark; October 21, 1913 - Burberrys Limited registered "Burberry's B Prorsum" trademark first used July 23, 1909 (suits, overcoats [shirts, and gaiters for general sporting and military wear] for men, women, and children); 1924 - introduced Burberry Check (red, camel, black, white check - known as 'Nova'), as lining for wet weather attire, registered as trademark.

Thomas Burberry (http://assets.static.burberry.com/experiences/heritage/asset/image/1800/1.jpg)

1872 - Simon Tissot-Dupont (25) established prestigious leather goods workshop in Paris; manufactured wallets and "maroquins" (attache-cases of time, bearing initials of senior civil servants); became official supplier to Magasins du Louvre; 1920s - Andre and Lucien Dupont (sons) innovated, created sumptuous travel cases, produced as one-of-a-kind pieces; 1935 - Chinese lacquer on metal; 1941 - Andre invented first pocket petrol lighter (Ligne 1 model adjustable gas lighter); 1961 - introduced Cricket lighter; 1970- 48% of S. T. Dupont S.A. acquired by Gillette; 1972 - Gillette sold Crickets in U.S. ($1.49; $.70 in 1983); 1973 - Dupont created first luxury jewelry pen (Classique, ballpoint pen in solid silver, with very refined line); 1983 - Cricket line acquired by Swedish Match Company; August 1987 - Dupont acquired by Dickson Concepts Ltd., local wholesaler and retailer of fashion products, watches and jewelry.

1910 - Florence Nightingale Graham opened salon in New York with $6,000 loan from her older brother; installed bright red door, adopted new name, Elizabeth Arden (hybrid of first, last names of her skincare mentor,  former business partner); 1912 - formulated rogues, tinted powders; March 21, 1922 - Florence N. Lewis, aka Elizabeth Arden, registered "Elizabeth Arden" trademark first used January 2, 1910 (skin solutions and creams, reducing lotion, bleach cream, and depilatory); created business with 17 Elizabeth Arden corporations, 40 Salons worldwide; 1970 - acquired by Eli Lilly & Co.; 1989 - acquired by Unilever; 2001 - acquired by FFI Fragrances (formerly French Fragrances, Inc.)  for $190 million; name changed to Elizabeth Arden, Inc.

1910 - Angelo Zegna, watchmaker, opened wool mill (Lanificio Zegna) in Trivero, in the Alpine foothills near Biella; taken over by Ermenegildo Zegna (youngest of 10) to produce top quality textiles for men’s clothing by selecting finest raw materials, introducing product and process innovations, actively promoting brand; end of the 1930s - employed over 1,000 people; 1938 - exported to United States; January 8, 1952 - Lanificid Rrmenegildo Zegna SNC. Co registered "Astrum Zegna" trademark (textile and knitted fabrics made of wool, silk, cotton, horesehair, jute, hemp, flax, and mistures of such fabrics); 1960s - Angelo, Aldo (grandsons) took over management of Ermenegildo Zegna e Figli; made transition from exclusive production of fabrics to tailoring of high quality suits for men, internationalization of production; 1972 - launched Made to Measure business; 1980 - opened first mono brand store in Paris; 1999 - acquired Lanerie Agnona S.p.A.; 2002 - acquired Guida, owner of Longhi brand; set up a 50-50 joint venture (ZeFer) with Salvatore Ferragamo Group to develop global scale footwear, leather goods business; 2006 - fourth generation management, sales of 779.4 million euros.

Ermenegildo Zegna - Zegna Group (http://www.zegnagroup.it/images/la_storia/gli_inizi/inizi.jpg)

1913 - Mario Prada founded Fratelli Prada ("Prada Brothers), Prada, SpA; designed, sold handbags, shoes, trunks, suitcases though two boutiques in Milan; 1978 - Miuccia Prada (granddaughter) inherited what was still leather goods business from her mother, led company's expansion into couture; January 17, 1984 - F. Ili Prada di Fernanda e Luigia Prada Partnership registered "Prada" trademark (Leather Goods-Namely, Leather and Leather Like Articles-Namely, Wallets, Purses, Travelling Bags, and Hand Bags; Hides; Trunks and Suit-Cases; Rain Umbrellas; Parasols [and Walking Sticks; Whips, Harness and Saddlery Articles]; early 1990s - acquired financially floundering Rome-based house of Fendi (sold to LVMH).

November 4, 1914 - Edna Woodman Chase, "Vogue" magazine, organized first fashion show, at Ritz-Carlton Hotel in New York City.

September 1915 - Tom Lyle Williams, Chicago chemist, started Maybell Laboratories; began selling 'Lash-Brow-Ine', mail-order product to stimulate growth of eyebrows and lashes (had concocted lash-darkener for his sister in 1913 from blend of Vaseline jelly with coal dust, ash from burnt cork); October 1915 - started advertising in magazines to drive sales; 1917 - launched Maybelline Cake Mascara, first eye cosmetic for everyday use; 1920 - launched eyeshadow; May 5, 1920 - changed name to Maybelline Company; July 15, 1920 - lost trademark infringement suit against Lashbrow Laboratories Company (Benjamin Ansehl vs. Thomas L. Williams - 'Lash-Brow-Ine' held to infringe on 'Lashbrow', sold since 1912); 1930 - introduced eyeliners; February 17, 1942 - Maybelline Co. registered "Maybelline" trademark first used May 5, 1920 (mascara, eyebrow pencils, eye shadow, eyelash and eyebrow cream, eye drops); 1960s - introduced Ultra Lash, waterproof formula in tube dispenser, first mass-market automatic mascara; 1967 - acquired by Plough Inc.; 1970 - introduced foundation, lip, nail lines; 1971 - launched Great Lash; America’s #1 best -selling cosmetic product; 1990 - acquired by Wasserstein Perella; 1996 - acquired by L’Oréal.

1921 - Guccio Gucci (formerly of London's Savoy Hotel) opened leather-goods company, small luggage store in Florence; 1950's - green-red-green web (derived from saddle girth) became brand identifier; 1953 - sons take over (Aldo, Vasco, Ugo, Rodolfo); end of 1960's - interlocking double 'G' logo introduced; 1982 - Maurizio Gucci (Rodolfo's son) owned 50% of company; 1984 - Domenic De Sole named President of Gucci America; late 1987-89 - Bahrain-based Investcorp acquired 50% of company from Aldo Gucci and descendants; 1993 - Investcorp acquired remaining 50% of stock from Maurizio Gucci; 1994 - Tom Ford became creative director; 1995 - De Sole named CEO; 1999 - entered strategic alliance with Pinault-Printemps-Redoute (PPR), became multi-brand group; 34% Gucci Group shares acquired by LVMF; December 1999 - acquired Yves Saint Laurent, YSL Beaute; February 2001 - acquired 66.7% of Bottega Veneta (increased to 78.5% in July); July 2004 - fully acquired by PPR; De Sole, Ford resigned.

May 5, 1921 - Coco Chanel introduced Chanel No. 5; February 24, 1925 - Chanel Inc. registered "Chanel" trademark first used January 1, 1920 (face powder, perfume, eau de cologne, toilet water, lop stick, and rouge); June 14, 1949 - Chanel Inc. registered "Chanel No. 5" trademark first used on January 1, 1921 (perfume).

1922 - Enid Bissett, partner with Ida Rosenthal in Enid Frocks, custom dress business on New York's West 57th Street, restructured boyish form bandeau to have two cups separated by center piece of elastic; William Rosenthal (husband) created garment shape to support natural contours of bust; named it Maiden Form (later Maidenform®) Brassiere; sold undergarment separately; 1923 - incorporated; 1925 - formed Enid Manufacturing Company, produced Maidenform® Brassiere exclusively; 1930 - name changed to Maiden Form Brassiere Company; April 24, 1934 - William Rosenthal, of New York, NY, received a patent for a "Brassiere" ("adapted to support the bust in a natural position"); assigned to Maiden Form Brassiere Co.; November 6, 1934 - received second patent for a "Brassiere"; assigned to Maiden Form Brassiere Co.; first intimate apparel company to advertise on buses, billboards, local window and store-counter card displays, radio; 1949 - first "I Dreamed" ad (featured women in their bras acting out fantasies of independence in public places; ran through 1969); September 4, 1951 - Maiden Form Brasserie Co., Inc. registered "Maidenform" trademark first used January 1, 1924 (brassieres, bandeaux, corsets, corselettes, panties, pantie-girdles, girdles, and garter belts); 1960 - company renamed Maidenform, Inc.; 1997 - filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection; 1999 - emerged fro, bankruptcy; Oaktree Capital Management, LLC majority owner.

Ida Rosenthal - Maidenform (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/theymadeamerica/whomade/images/who_rosenthal_image.jpg)

March 1, 1932 - Charles and Joseph Revson, along with chemist, Charles Lachman (contributed the "L" in the REVLON name), founded Revlon; pooled their resources, developed unique manufacturing process (used pigments instead of dyes) for single product - nail enamel; offered to women a rich-looking, opaque nail enamel in wide variety of shades never before available; sold to beauty salons; 1937 - sold through department stores, selected drugstores; 1938 - company became multimillion dollar organization; 1941 - virtual monopoly on beauty salon sales; June 18, 1957 - Revlon Inc. registered "Revlon" trademark first used May 17, 1950 (shampoo); 1973 - Charlie® fragrance introduced; designed for a young, working woman market (1977 - sales passed $1 billion mark); 1985 - acquired by subsidiary of MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings.

March 25, 1937 - The first perfumed ad appeared in the Washington, DC "Daily News".

April 6, 1937 - Bausch & Lomb introduced Ray-Ban to public, high-end manufacturer of sunglasses; aviator sunglasses commissioned in 1936 for pilot use by United States Air Force;  November 1, 1938 - registered 'Ray-Ban' trademark first used April 6, 1937 (goggles); 1999 - acquired by Luxotica Group.

October 24, 1939 - Nylon stockings (first man-made fibre made exclusively from mineral sources - strong, elastic, moth-proof, did not absorb moisture), made by Du Pont, sold publicly for first time at Braunstein's ladies shop in Wilmington, DE; specifically intended to compete with silk in women's hosiery market (eventually replaced silk stockings); May 15, 1940 - nationwide sales began.

1945 - Master tailor Nazareno Fonticoli, fashion designer Gaetano Savini opened Brioni Atelier, suit shop, in Rome's central Via Barberini; company named "Brioni" after resort island on coast of Adriatic Sea; 1952 - first men's tailored clothing show at Palazzo Pitti, Florence; 1961 - began wholesale distribution in United States; 1990 - Umberto Angeloni became CEO; opened 23 boutiques in most prestigious cities, resorts in world, “hubs” for International Jet Set; expanded line into women’s haute-couture fashion; 2000 - sales of $150 million, eight hand-production factories, diverse product line.

Nazareno Fonticoli, Gaetano Savini - Brioni (http://fashiongear.fibre2fashion.com/brand-story/brioni/images/founders.jpg)

September 11, 1945 - Toni, Incorporated (St. Paul, MN) registered "Toni" trademark first used August 1, 1944 (home permanent waving kit).

1946 - Jerry and Eileen Ford started modeling agency in apartment on East side of Manhattan; introduced payment system (models paid in advance of their work), established 5-day work week (models paid on Friday, less 10% Ford fee); December 2007 - acquired by Stone Tower Equity Partners.

July 5, 1946 - Bikini, first two-piece bathing suit, made debut during  outdoor fashion show at Piscine Molitor, popular swimming pool in Paris; invented by Jacques Heim, designed by Louis Reard, named after South Pacific atoll where atomic bomb tested in World War II (Heim and Reard had developed competing prototypes; Heim called his "atom", advertised it as "the world's smallest bathing suit"; Reard's swimsuit, basically bra top, two inverted triangles of cloth connected by string, was significantly smaller - made of  30 inches of fabric, promoted as "smaller than the world's smallest bathing suit" Reard's business soared, kept bikini mystique alive in advertisements by declaring that two-piece suit wasn't genuine bikini "unless it could be pulled through a wedding ring"); modeled by Micheline Bernardini, Parisian showgirl, exotic dancer at Casino de Paris (no qualms about appearing nearly nude in public).

1949 - Charles Evans (salesman in aunt's clothing store), Joseph Picone (father's tailor) formed Evan-Picone partnership to create sample from designs of fly-fronts on women's skirts (believed they would work as well as on men's trousers); became successful manufacturer of women's sportswear; 1962 - acquired by Revlon.

1950 - Pierre Cardin opened fashion house on Rue Richepanse; 1953 - presented first collection; 1954 - introduced "bubble dresses"; opened first boutiques in Paris: EVE, then ADAM; 1959 - first time collection of ready-to-wear for women at Printemps department store in Paris; 1961 - started distribution of ready-to-wear and accessories for men; 1963 - same for women; 1979 - first foreign couturier to present collection in China; 1986 - signed contract with USSR for local production of ready-to-wear for men, women children.

1950 - Hazel Gladys Bishop established Hazel Bishop, Inc. to manufacture "Lasting Lipstick"; enlisted help of advertising professional Raymond Spector; introduced non-smear ("stays on you not on him") kissproof lipstick (stayed on the lips longer than any other product then available) for $1 per tube; 1951 - Spector partner forced her out of the $10 million company she created.

1950s - Los Angeles-based chemist named Alberto introduced Alberto VO5 Conditioning Hairdressing (five organic emollients) to rejuvenate hair of Hollywood movie stars damaged by beaming studio lights; Blaine Culver, business partner, started beauty products company; acquired by Leonard (36) and Bernice Lavin for $40,000; renamed Albert-Culver Co.; discontinued all products but VO5; February 25, 1958 - Lobco, Inc. (dba Alberto-Culver Co.) registered "Alberto VO5" trademark first used in January 1939 (preparation used as a hair dressing and as a hair scalp conditioner); became number one brand in its category; 1961 - went public; 1969 - acquired Sally Beauty Company, Inc.; 1972 - persuaded television networks to abandon policies of only selling 60-second commercial spots; bought 30-second ads, ran two commercials back to back; 1983 - introduced Mrs. Dash line of herbs, spices.

1954 - Jacques Courtin opened Institut Clarins beauty salon on Rue Tronchet in Paris; named for Clarins, Roman jailer saved Christians from being devoured at the Coliseum by overfeeding lions; founded Clarins to produce luxury skin-care products, makeup made primarily from plant extracts; 2006 - $1.2 billion in sales.

September 20, 1955 - Evan-Picone, Inc. registered "Tailored by Evan-Picone New York" trademark first used September 1, 1949 (skirts, slacks, shorts, and pedal pushers, for women and misses). 

1958 - Yves Rocher started company focused on nature, feminine beauty in La Gacilly in Brittany, France; products based on beauty through plants (no synthetic additives); early pioneer of process of selling cosmetics by mail order; 1965 - published The Green Book of Beauty (translated into 30 languages); 1969 - opened first store on Boulevard Haussmann in Paris; 2009 - 40 million customers in 80 countries., sales of 2 billion euros; Bris Rocher (grandson) president of Yves Rocher Group. 

1961 - Leonardo Del Vecchio founded Luxottica s.a.s., limited partnership, in Agordo; employed ten people, contract manufacturer of eyewear parts; 1971 - only business became manufacture, sale of finished eyeglass frames; first collection presented at MIDO (International Exhibition of Optics, Optometry and Ophthalmology) in Milan; 1974 - acquired Italian firm Scarrone, its first distribution company; 1988 - signed license agreement with Giorgio Armani; 1995 - acquired US Shoe Corporation, owner of LensCrafters, direct distribution through largest optical retail chain in North America (870 stores); 1999 - acquired Ray-Ban (best known sunwear brand in world); 2001 - acquired Sunglass Hut, Inc., largest sunwear store chain in world (more than 1,550 sales points in North America, approximately 300 stores throughout the rest of world); consolidated direct market penetration); 2007 - 27 brands, approximately 52,000 employees worldwide; June 20, 2007 - agreed to acquire Oakley Inc. in an all-cash deal worth about $2.1 billion.

Leonardo Del Vecchio - founder Luxotica Group (http://www.luxottica.com/export/sites/default/shared/i/ DelVecchio_photo.jpg_2059440466.jpg)

1962 - Valentino Garavani debuted Valentino fashions in Florence; teamed with Giancarlo Giammetti to form business; 1998 - acquired by HdP, Italian conglomerate controlled, in part, by Gianni Agnelli, head of Fiat, for about $300 million; 2002 - acquired by Marzotto Apparel, Milan-based textile company, for $210 million; May 16, 2007 - controlling interest (29.6%) in Valentino Fashion Group SpA acquired by Permira Advisers (Europe's biggest buyout fund) for $1.06 billion.

Valentino Garavani - Valentino Fashion Group SpA (http://images.nymag.com/fashion/fashionshows/designers/bios/valentino_150.jpg)

January 1962 - Yves Saint Laurent presented first collection in former private residence of painter Forain, at 30 bis rue Spontini à Paris (had been former Art Director at Christian Dior company since 1957, had formed partnership with Pierre Bergé in 1961 to open fashion house); 80 dressmakers in 3 workshops created the fashions; September 16, 1966 - opened Rive Gauche, his first ready-to-wear boutique, at 21 rue de Tournon; January 7, 2002 - presented final collection; retired from Haute Couture.

May 1967 - Ralph Lauren established Polo label with successful line (26 boxes) of ties (wide, handmade ties using unexpected, flamboyant, opulent materials); 1969 - established first shop-within-a-shop designer boutique for men in Bloomingdale’s in New York City; 1971 - introduced women's line; opened first store in Beverly Hills, CA; first American designer with his own freestanding store; February 5, 1974 - registered 'Polo by Ralph Lauren' trademark (men's suits, slacks, ties, sweaters, shoes, shirts, hats, belts, socks, and ladies' blouses, skirts, suits and dresses); July 29, 1975 - Polo Fashions, Inc. registered 'Chaps by Ralph Lauren' trademark (jackets, pants, suits and slacks; brand name first used January 23, 1974); 1986 - opened flagship store in Rhinelander mansion (Madison Avenue at 72nd Street); 2002 - $10 billion global business.

1970 - Sidney Kimmel founded, became President of Jones Apparel Division of W. R. Grace; 1975 - acquired by Kimmel and partner, renamed Jones Apparel Group; May 15, 1991 - went public; 1996 - sales of $1 billion; 1993 - acquired Evan-Picone label; October 1998 - acquired Sun Apparel, Inc; June 1999 - acquired Nine West Group Inc.; December 2004 - acquired Barney's New York, Inc.; for $400 million; June 22, 2007 - sold to Istithmar, investment arm of Dubai government, for $825 million.

1975 - Charlie Clifford, former Peace Corps volunteer, founded Tumi Inc. (named for an Inca god), imported leather duffle bags from Colombia; 1980s - introduced garment bag; 1997 - opened first store in Santa Monica, CA; October 2002 - Oaktree Capital Management, LLC, Los Angeles-based private equity firm, acquired controlling interest; October 2004 - acquired by Doughty Hanson (UK buyout firm) for $276 million.

Charlie Clifford - Tumi (http://www.fromscratchradio.com/ show/images/guests/CharlieClifford.jpg)

1976 - Liz Claiborne, relatively unknown dress designer, Art Ortenberg (husband in textiles, former boss for 20 years), Leonard Boxer and Jerome Chazen established Liz Claiborne Inc. with less than half a million dollars; design-driven company to provide ensemble driven sportswear, available for many years at designer level prices (Calvin Klein, Bill Blass), affordable for the working woman; worked with retailers to test concept of presenting all brand's related sportswear pieces in one department, streamlined consumer's shopping experience; 1981 - went public (sales of $117 million, net income of $20 million); 1985 - first company founded by a woman to be listed in Fortune 500; 1990 - largest women's apparel maker (sales of $1.4 billion, 35 million garments shipped); 2006 - sales of $5 billion.

1980 - John Paul DeJoria (formerly of Redken Laboratories,  leading professional salon product company), Paul Mitchell (hairdresser) established partnership with borrowed $700.00; launched professional hair care system around new styling method, hair sculpting, and new styling product, Hair Sculpting Lotion; eventually become known as John Paul Mitchell Systems; products marketed under brand name Paul Mitchell; traveled extensively, conducted no-cost product demonstrations for salon owners, promised to buy back any unsold products; 1989 - Paul Mitchell died; 2007 - retail sales of approximately $800 million, over 90 products.

John Paul DeJoria - co-founder John Paul Mitchell Systems (http://www.paulmitchell.com/OurStory/OurCompany/ PublishingImages/JohnPaulDeJoria.jpg)

September 1982 - Kenneth Cole incorporated Kenneth Cole Productions, Inc.; debut collection of ladies' footwear (followed in father's footsteps, former senior executive of El Greco, Inc., shoe manufacturing, design company, manufactured CANDIES women's shoes) from 40-foot trailer truck parked on 6th Avenue, across from shoe industry trade show HQ at New York Hilton; sold 40,000 pairs of shoes (entire stock) in two and a half days; 1984 - first public service campaign (AIDS Research); 1994 - sales of $84.9 million; opened Bloomingdale's Manhattan flagship concept shop; 1996 - operated 17 retail stores in United States, store in Amsterdam, Singapore; 2005 - sales at record level of $518 million; products sold in more than 7,500 department, specialty stores, through Consumer Direct business (more than 80 retail, outlet stores, consumer catalogs, interactive websites).

  Kenneth Cole (http://www.shoeblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/KennethColeRev.jpg)

1985 - Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana founded Dolce & Gabbana, leading international luxury goods groups; 2005 - annual sales of 1,151.3 million euros; December 2006 - over 3,000 employees, retail network of 87 stores, 11 factory outlets.

1987 - Joseph Abboud founded JA Apparel Corp; owns Joseph Abboud brand name; menswear label has grown into a $150 million worldwide wholesaler, retailer, and licensor of men?s clothing, accessories, and home furnishings; 2000 - sold for $65 million to RCS MediaGroup.

1988 - Rembrandt Group Limited of South Africa (founded by Anton Rupert, now Remgro Limited) spun off international assets owned; formed Compagnie Financiere Richemont AG; owns minority holding in Cartier Monde SA. Rothmans International (holds investments in Cartier monde, Alfred Dunhill, Montblanc, Chloé); 1989 - acquired Philip Morris's 30% interest in Rothmans International; 1993 - separated tobacco, luxury goods operations into Rothmans International BV/PLC, Vendôme Luxury Group SA/PLC; 1988 - bought out Vendôme Luxury Group minority shareholders; 2003 - completed acquisition of control of Van Cleef & Arpels.

July 15, 1997 - Fashion designer Gianni Versace was shot to death outside his home in Miami; suspected gunman Andrew Phillip Cunanan was found dead eight days later.

March 17, 2006 - The Body Shop agreed to $1.2 billion takeover by the French cosmetics firm L'Oréal; 1976 - started in Brighton, UK as ethical alternative to traditional approach to cosmetics; 2,085 branches worldwide, 304 in UK.

March 12, 2007 - The Weinstein Company and Hilco Consumer Capital announced that they had acquired Halston (brokered by Jimmy Choo) from Neema Clothing for an undisclosed amount.

February 13, 2008 - Liz Claiborne agreed to sell Ellen Tracy Brand to group of investors including Radius Partners and Windsong Brands for up to $42 million in cash.

(JA Apparel Corp.), Jospeh Abboud with Ellen Stern (2004). Threads: My Life Behind the Seams in the High-Stakes World of Fashion. (New York, NY: HarperCollins, 256 p.). Founder. Abboud, Joseph; Fashion designers--United States--Biography. 

Joseph Abboud (http://www.harpercollinsspeakersbureau.com/images/VI.ashx?guid=3880c05d-75b7-4d64-a85e-94295ab0e682)

(Alberto-Culver Co.), Leonard H. Lavin with Daniel Paisner (2003). Winners Make It Happen: Reflections of a Self-Made Man. (Chicago, IL: Bonus Books, 238 p.). Founding President, CEO, Chairman of Alberto-Culver Corporation. Lavin, Leonard H.; Alberto-Culver Co.--History; Businessmen--United States--Biography; Toilet preparations industry--United States--History. 

(Elizabeth Arden), Nancy Shuker (1989). Elizabeth Arden: Cosmetics Entrepreneur. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Silver Burdett, 112 p.). Arden, Elizabeth, 1878-1966; Businesswomen--United States--Biography; Cosmetics industry--United States--History.

Elizabeth Arden (http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/ thumb/4/4a/Elizabeth_Arden_NYWTS.jpg/150px-Elizabeth_Arden_NYWTS.jpg)

(Avon), Sonny Kleinfield (1986). Staying at the Top: The Life of a CEO. (New York, NY: New American Library, 298 p.). Reporter (New York Times). Waldron, Hicks; Avon Products, inc.; Directors of corporations--United States--Biography; Chief executive officers--United States--Biography.

David Hall McConnell - founder Avon Products (http://webapps.jhu.edu/namedprofessorships/images/mcconnell,david.jpg)

Mrs. Persus Foster Eames Albee - pioneered Avon's direct-selling method ( = first general agent - in Winchester, NH) (http://www.honormrsalbee.com/firstavonladyday.jpg)

(Avon), Laura Klepacki (2005). Avon :Building The World's Premier Company For Women. (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 264 p.). Former Mass-Market Beauty Editor (Women's Wear Daily). Avon Products, Inc. 

(Beene), Brenda Cullerton; foreword by Richard Martin and Harold Koda (1995). Geoffrey Beene. (New York, NY: H. N. Abrams, 141 p.). Beene, Geoffrey; Fashion designers--United States--Biography; Costume design--United States--History--20th century.

(Benetton), a cura di Giuseppe Nardin; con un saggio introduttivo di Raffaele Gaeta (1987). La Benetton: Strategia e Struttura di un'Impresa di Successo. (Roma, IT: Edizioni Lavoro, 138 p.). Benetton (Firm); Textile industry--Italy.

Luciano Benetton - Benetton Group (http://www.biography.com/imported/images/Biography/Images/Profiles/B/Luciano-Benetton-12127596-1-402.jpg)

(Benetton), Luciano Benetton con Andrea Lee (1990). Io e i Miei Fratelli. (Milano, IT: Sperling & Kupfer, 305 p.). Benetton (Firm); Clothing trade--Italy; Clothing trade; Retail trade--Italy.

(Benetton), Sergio Saviane (1998). Il Miliardario: La Vita Segreta di Luciano Benetton. (Venezia, IT: Marsilio, 171 p.). Benetton, Luciano, 1935- ; Clothing trade--Italy. Industrialist and co-founder with his 3 brothers of the clothing and textile company of Treviso (Veneto).

(Benetton), Jonathan Mantle (1999). Benetton: The Family, the Business and the Brand. (London, UK: Little, Brown, 337 p.). Benetton (Firm) -- History. 

(Benetton), Giorgio Brunetti, Paolo Bortoluzzi (2004). Benetton: Da United Colors a Edizione Holding. (Torino, Italy: ISEDI: UTET, 256 p.). Benetton (Firm); Clothing trade--Italy.

(Blass), Bill Blass(2002). Bare Blass. (New York, NY: HarperCollins, 181 p.). Blass, Bill; Fashion designers--United States--Biography; Costume design--United States--History--20th century.

(Brioni Roman Style S.p.A.), Ed. Cristina Giorgetti; additional contributions from Stephen Bayley ... [et al ; translations, Deborah Hodges Maschietto, Colin Woodhead] (1995). Brioni, Fifty Years of Style. (Firenze, IT: Octavo, 295 p.). Brioni (Firm)--History; Fashion design--Italy--History--20th century; Men’s clothing--Italy--History--20th century.

(Pierre Cardin), Valerie Mendes (1990). Pierre Cardin: Past, Present, Future (London, UK: 3Nishen Publishing, 192 p.). Cardin, Pierre; Haute Couture--France.

Pierre Cardin (http://www.pierrecardin.com.au/assets/Uploads/_resampled/croppedimage220265-3.jpg)

(Oleg Cassini), Oleg Cassini (1987). In My Own Fashion: An Autobiography. (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 379 p.). Cassini, Oleg, 1913- ; Fashion designers--United States--Biography.

(Chanel), Marcel Haedrich; Translated from the French by Charles Lam Markmann (1972). Coco Chanel; Her Life, Her Secrets. (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 277 p.). Chanel, Coco, 1883-1971.

Coco Chanel (http://www.glamour.com/images/fashion/2008/10/1001-chanel-coco-chanel_li.jpg) January 11, 1971 Obituary: http://www.nytimes. com/learning/general/ onthisday/bday/0819.html

(Chanel), Edmonde Charles-Roux (1981). Chanel and Her World. (London, UK: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 354 p.). Chanel, Coco, 1883-1971; Fashion designers--France--Biography; Women fashion designers--France--Biography; France--Social life and customs--20th century.

(Chanel), Axel Madsen (1990). Chanel: A Woman of Her Own. (New York, NY: Holt, 388 p.). Chanel, Coco, 1883-1971; Women fashion designers--France--Biography; Fashion designers--France--Biography.

(Chanel), Amy De La Haye, Shelley Tobin (1994). Chanel, The Couturiere at Work. (Woodstock, NY: Overlook Press, 136 p.). Assistant Curator in the Textiles and Dress Collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum; Curator of Costumes for the National Trust in Devon, England. Chanel, Coco, 1883-1971; Fashion design--France--History--20th century.

(Chanel), Janet Wallach (1998). Chanel: Her Style and Her Life. (New York, NY: N. Talese, 180 p.). Chanel, Coco, 1883-1971; Costume design--France--History--20th century.

(Chanel), Henry Gidel (2000). Coco Chanel. (Paris, FR: Flammarion, 437 p.). Chanel, Coco, 1883-1971; Fashion designers--France--Biography; Women fashion designers--France--Biography; Costume design--France--History--20th century; Woman - Fashion - Biography.

(Liz Claiborne Inc.), Jane L. Collins (2003). Threads: Gender, Labor, and Power in the Global Apparel Industry. (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 207 p.). Professor of Rural Sociology and Women's Studies (University of Wisconsin, Madison). Liz Claiborne Inc.; Women clothing workers--Virginia--Martinsville; Knit goods industry--Virginia--Martinsville--Employees; Clothing workers--Virginia--Martinsville; Clothing trade--United States; Consumers--United States--Attitudes; Women clothing workers--Mexico--Aguascalientes; Knit goods industry--Mexico--Aguascalientes--Employees; Clothing workers--Mexico--Aguascalientes; Globalization--Economic aspects--United States--Case studies; Globalization--Economic aspects--Mexico--Case studies; International business enterprises--United States--Case studies. Diverse ties that link First , Third World workers, managers, producers,  consumers;  human face on globalization.

Liz Claiborne (http://www.pocanticohills.org/womenenc/claiborn.gif)

(Clarins SA), Jacques Courtin (2006). Une Reussite en Beaute. (Paris, FR: Lattes, 232 p.). Founder Clarins SA. Courtin, Jacques, 1921-2007; Clarins (Firm)--History; Toilet preparations industry--France--History.

(Kenneth Cole Productions), Kenneth Cole (2003). Footnotes: What You Stand For Is More Important Than What You Stand In. (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 208 p.). Founder, Kenneth Cole Productions. Kenneth Cole Productions; Advertising--Fashion.

Susan Mosher Stuard (2006). Gilding the Market: Luxury and Fashion in Fourteenth-Century Italy. (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 344 p.). Professor of History Emeritus (Haverford College). Luxury goods industry--Italy--History--To 1500; Luxuries--Italy--History--To 1500; Clothing and dress--Italy--History--Medieval, 500-1500; Fashion--Italy--History--To 1500; Consumption (Economics)--Italy--History--To 1500; Italy--Economic conditions. Arrival of fashion in European history. 

Kelley Styring (2007). In Your Purse: Archaeology of the American Handbag. (Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 112 p.). Former Head of Market Research at both Procter & Gamble and Frito-Lay. Role of purse in a woman's life. Deep-seated needs a purse and its contents fulfill, styles of purses that facilitate organization, products that perform in the purse.

Thuy Linh Nguyen Tu (2010). The Beautiful Generation: Asian Americans and the Cultural Economy of Fashion. (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 259 p.). Assistant Professor of Asian Pacific American Studies (New York University). Asian American fashion designers; Fashion -- Social aspects -- United States; Fashion -- Economic aspects -- United States. Role of Asian American designers in New York’s fashion industry; how they relate to garment workers who produce their goods, to Asianness as a fashionable commodity; 1990s - Young Asian Americans emerged as leading fashion designers (Doo-Ri Chung, Derek Lam, Thakoon Panichgul, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu); have won prestigious awards, been chosen to head major clothing labels, had designs featured in Vogue, Harper’s Bazaar, other fashion magazines; “Asian” shapes, fabrics, iconography, colors filled couture runways, mass-market clothing racks; rise of Asian American designers to historical patterns of immigration, racial formation, globalized labor, familial and family-like connections between designers and garment workers.

Mark Tungate (2005). Fashion Brands: Branding Style from Armani to Zara. (Sterling, VA: Kogan Page, 243 p.). Fashion merchandising; Brand name products; Advertising--Fashion. 

Rachel C. Weingarten (2006). Hello, Gorgeous!: Beauty Products in America, 40s-60s. (Portland, OR: Collectors Press, 176 p.). President, GTK Marketing Group. Beauty culture--United States--History--20th century; Beauty, Personal--United States--History--20th century; Cosmetics--United States--History--20th century. Products that became staples for generations of women, set standard for innovations in industry.

Claire Wilcox (2007). The Golden Age of Couture: Paris and London 1947-1957. (New York, NY: Abrams, 224 p.). Senior Curator in the Victoria &Albert Museum’s Textiles & Fashion Department. Coutre; Fashion Design -- History. History of couture - from Parisian dressmaking workshops to large commercial industry in mid-20th century;  inner workings of exclusive design houses, inspiration behind some of most famous styles of all time.

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Business History Links

Benetton Advertising History                                                       http://www.museedelapub.org/pubgb/virt/mp/benetton/ pub_benetton.html                                                         

Luciano Benetton: "The purpose of advertising is not to sell more. It's to do with institutional publicity, whose aim is to communicate the company's values (...) We need to convey a single strong image, which can be shared anywhere in the world." Oliviero Toscani pursues this: "I am not here to sell pullovers, but to promote an image"... Benetton's advertising draws public attention to universal themes like racial integration, the protection of the environment, Aids...

International Perfume Museum                                                  http://www.museesdegrasse.com/                          

International Perfume Museum's exceptional collections retrace the history of perfumes, and also that of soap, and make-up and cosmetics, over 4,000 years.

Perfume Museum of Barcelona                                                    http://www.museudelperfum.com/                                      

The Perfume Museum of Barcelona, installed in the Paseo de Gracia 39, it was inaugurated in 1963 in order to show the perfume vessels and containers evolution.

Unofficial Calvin Klein Ads Archive                                                  http://pobox.upenn.edu/~davidtoc/calvin.html                       

This is not a catalog. It is merely a collection of previously published Calvin Klein magazine advertisements. A collection of more than 300 reproductions of advertisements from 1980 to the present, produced to sell Calvin Klein products, such as jeans, underwear, swimwear, and fragrances. Organized according to featured model or product. Most ads are annotated with name and date of magazine where they appeared; some list name of photographer.